History

Gandarw is a dragon that Garshasp, the legendary Iranian paladin, killed him beside the Farakhkart sea. He appears as a dragon in the Avesta and Pahlavi books but he is viewed as a human being in the books of the Islamic period. Gandarw possesses divine attributes and is deemed to be a demigod in the Indian mythological traditions. As yet, there has not been any significant work to adequately address the relationship between both the human and supernatural aspects of the dragon and also the relationship between Gandarw and the Indic Gandharva. The present research is an attempt to study Gandarw as an aquatic creature and to relate its human aspect with water. It also intends to examine its role as a totem for ancient peoples in the Indo-European civilization.

ABSTRACTThe discovery of mural paintings at the Classic Maya site of Xultun, Guatemala, provides an important context for the study of ancient literacy and writing in practice. The mural chamber was a place of writing where the hands of multiple scribes recorded events and astronomical tabulations on walls that were also painted with portraits of ritual specialists and the reigning king. We present evidence suggesting that creation and inscription of indigenous Maya books, called codices, also took place onsite by a specific cohort of ritual specialists called taaj. In this article, we seek to archaeologically “situate” these codex‐like inscriptions in the mural room—revealing a crucial and distinctly Precolumbian window (as opposed to colonial Spanish view) into Maya bookmaking, its practitioners, and the physical contexts in which it was carried out. Together, the images, texts, and archaeological materials found in and around the chamber enable us to contextualize acts of writing...

Problem Many believers hunger for a deeper experience with Christ in their spiritual life, but do not know how to go about it. This discipleship and spirituality project was an attempt to discover a model that one could use to develop an authentic community in the ministry context of the researcher. Discipleship is a loving relationship with Christ in which the one whom He calls submits to His Lordship, and makes God’s purpose and glory the sole reason for being. In essence it is about total commitment to the Lordship of Christ, and cooperation with the Holy Spirit in His work of life transformation. Method The study had two basic sections that were administered in a session of one hour and 30 minutes each. The groups met for a total period of 16 weeks. The first section was called “Grace Moments.” These were selected biblical stories intended for use in the small groups. The second section was an experience-based Bible study designed to lead the participants into a deeper practical...

The last cycle of Georgian-Ossetian ethnic conflict in the 1990's-2000's badly damaged relations between the two distinct groups. Hostility was provoked by a flood of publications in both countries claiming that the roots of such hatred reached deep into the past. A malignant form of ethnocentric nationalism deliberately distorted the truth of the medieval past. An objective analysis of the evidence from Georgian, Byzantine, Armenian, Russian, Greek and Latin primary sources reveals a completely different situation of intensive cultural exchange affecting all spheres of life. Indeed, close and usually friendly dynastic and military ties throughout the medieval period in the Caucasus rather than conflict characterized the relations between the two peoples.

In the interwar period, a system for the movement of men, arms, and printed matter developed into a political network that in imperial sources came to be called the “lascar system.” Lascars were Indian seamen who worked for British and international merchant shipping companies and had contacts with trade unionists, communists, anarchists, and other politically active parties across the world—in particular in port towns such as Hamburg, Antwerp and Marseilles. They became key players in the politics of the interwar world, and especially in a still-colonised India, which was subject to various censorship regulations and a panoply of repressive legislation. A number of lascars became crucial in the emerging communist movement and in trade union politics. In a world of increasingly stringent border controls, restrictions on the movement of people, and paranoia about political radicalism and its ability to “infect” new areas, the lascars' mobility became an asset to political movemen...

El presente texto ahonda en el delito de desaparicion forzada y su comision a traves de la historia nacional y extranjera;para ello ejemplifica con casos reales los distintos escenarios en los que este delito se cometio. Asimismo, otorga unespacio para plantear la inadecuacion de las normas nacionales a las extranjeras, como el Estatuto de Roma, y proponeuna concreta recomendacion para que las mismas se acoplen a dichas normas.

Abstrak Masyarakat etnis Aji (suku Haji) yang berada di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan merupakan salah satu bagian etnis besar Melayu yang memiliki tradisi bermantra. Berdasarkan pengamatan terhadap bentuk dan isi mantra masyarkat Aji ditemukan kecenderungan adanya sinkretisme, khususnya sinkretis fenomenologis. Sinkretisme tersebut dengan sendirinya memunculkan sebuah identitas ambivalen, satu sisi mempertahankan tradisi leluhur yang menganut ajaran Hindu-Budha dan satu sisi menganut ajaran Islam sebagai agama mereka. Kata kunci: mantra, sinkretisme, identitas Abstract Aji’s ethnic society (Haji ethnic) in South Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, South Sumatera is one of the big Malay ethnics possessing mantra tradition. Based on the observation towards the form and the content of the mantra, it shows a tendency of syncretism, especially the phenomenological syncretism. This syncretism, by its own way, emerges an ambivalent identity. The society not only kee...

Abstrak Lulusan berkualitas memberikan kontribusi bagi pembangunan dan meningkatkan daya saing negara. Dengan dihapuskannya sistem Ujian Nasional dan sekarang dilaksanakan ujian berbasis sekolah atau disebut Ujian Akhir Sekolah (UAS), perencanaan strategis memungkinkan sekolah merencanakan dan menerapkan langkah-langkah yang efektif dalam memastikan bahwa lulusan memiliki keterampilan, pengetahuan, dan kualifikasi untuk memenuhi tuntutan masa depan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan desain perencanaan trategis sebagai upaya peningkatan mutu lulusan SMAN 1 Kecamatan Mungka. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara, dokumentasi dan observasi.   Subjek penelitian ini adalah kepala sekolah sebagai perancana, wakil kepala sekolah, guru, dan siswa sebagai sasaran dari tujuan pendidikan, serta wali murid sebagai stakeholder untuk melengkapi data yang telah ada. Berdasarkan hasil temuan penelitian, perencanaan p...

La Cote du Chiapas s'est progressivement developpe au cours des 50 dernieres annees comme un bassin laitier majeur, tant a niveau de l'etat que du pays entier. Elle a maintenu des caracteristiques propres, lies au caractere artisanal de sa production. Le fromage dit " de crema ", produit egalement dans le reste de l'etat, est le produit le plus emblematique y reconnu de cette region. Expression de la combinaison entre ressources materielles et immaterielles de la Cote, ce fromage doit affronter chaque fois plus la concurrence de produit alteres et de qualite inferieure. Le gouvernement du Chiapas a donc pris l'initiative de solliciter une marque collective " Queso Chiapas " pour le fromage " crema ", dans le but de reconnaitre et proteger la specificite du fromage " de crema " produit dans l'ensemble de l'etat. Ce projet initie un processus de qualification, qui pourrait offrir de nouvelles alternatives pour le bassin l...

Resumen: los efectos positivos de las denominaciones de origen (DO) para el desarrollo territorial en algunas regiones europeas llamaron la atención de productores y promotores del desarrollo en países del Sur. Así, los productores de queso Cotija en México solicitaron una DO en ...

espanolEl presente estudio aborda una tematica de gran actualidad dentro de los estudios literarios, pues enfoca el analisis literario desde la perspectiva de los estudios comparados a traves de una propuesta que permite establecer las relaciones y puntos de contacto que se establecen dentro del texto literario y con otros textos literarios. Sus autores ofrecen fundamentos teoricos y de analisis literario en funcion de los estudios comparados a partir de las direcciones de analisis disenadas para realizar la comparacion en consecuencia con los generos literarios y las caracteristicas textuales de las obras literarias objeto de comparacion, asimismo ofrece indicaciones de caracter metodologico de como desarrollarlo y establecerlo dentro del analisis literario. EnglishThis paper deals with a notable updated topic in the realm of literary studies. It focuses literary analysis from the perspective of comparative studies, by means of a proposal which makes it possible the identification ...

The Rabbis of Medieval Spain by Professor Norman Roth offers a comprehensive exploration of the Jewish intellectual and social landscape in medieval Spain. The essays in this meticulously researched volume delve into the interplay between Jewish and Christian cultures, highlighting the contributions of Jewish scholars during this period. Professor Roth examines themes such as the influence of Christian thought on Jewish scholarship, the relationships between Jewish communities and the Christian ruling class, and the roles of royalty in shaping Jewish life. Detailed studies of notable Jewish figures, such as Joseph Ibn Megas, reveal their legal and intellectual contributions. Lesser-known rabbis and scholars from regions like Aragon-Catalonia, Majorca, and Provence are also brought to light, showcasing the diversity of Jewish scholarship. The exploration of responsa literature provides insights into the daily lives, legal challenges, and communal dynamics of Jewish communities, while the examination of proverbs in Spanish Jewish sources offers a unique cultural perspective. By examining the cultural and intellectual milieu of the time, Professor Roth highlights the enduring legacy of Jewish intellectual heritage. The Rabbis of Medieval Spain is an essential resource for scholars, students, and anyone interested in medieval Jewish history, providing insights into how Jewish communities navigated their existence within Christian society and how their intellectual endeavors flourished despite challenges.

A vast area of research in historical science concerns the analysis of historical archival sources. This involves activities such as digitizing the historical sources, usually using spreadsheets or simple relational databases, and then analyzing the transcribed data using a range of methods depending on the kind of data and the type of research question that needs to be answered. In this paper, we describe the process of digitizing, curating and visualizing original archival sources of maritime history, a process done in the context of a European (ERC) project called SeaLiT. In particular, we present a set of innovative tools that have been implemented for supporting historians in transcribing the original sources and curating the transcribed data as well as a web application that visualizes the curated data on an interactive map. The overall process is demonstrated for the case of 16 original ship logbooks from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries kept by seven archives in Greece...

Little is known about the Eastern Maghreb in the second and first millennia BC, except for the very last centuries when classical sources provide some information about the Numidian kingdoms. The survey and excavation of Althiburos and its surroundings have provided valuable data related to the first millennium BC. Occupation of the site dates back to the ninth or tenth century cal BC and continues into Roman times. Archaeobiological data — particularly the evidence of grape, a crop that only provides a return after several years, but thereafter produces fruit for a considerable period — suggest that the population was sedentary from the beginning, and that it probably grew throughout occupation. Iron slag is also present from the eight or tenth century cal BC. The construction of a Punic-type cistern and an impressive defensive wall indicate that the site developed into a city-like settlement by the mid-first millennium BC. While relations with Carthage may have played an important...

Publie le 15 novembre 2015 par Said Bouamama A l'heure ou nous ecrivons le bilan des tueries parisiennes est de 128 morts et de 300 blesses. L'horreur de cette violence injustifiable est absolue. La condamnation doit l'etre tout autant, sans aucune restriction et/ou nuance. Les acteurs et/ou commanditaires de ces meurtres aveugles ne peuvent invoquer aucune raison legitime pour justifier ces actes immondes. La tragedie que nous vivons debouchera sur une prise de conscience collective des dangers qui (...)

Lewis Ayres's Nicaea and its Legacy has created a stir among historians of Christian doctrine since its publication. Its relation to the previously existing body of scholarship on fourth-century trinitarian theology is one of both consolidation and provocation. Ayres accomplishes a prodigious work of consolidation by synthesizing much of the groundbreaking scholarship that has lately transpired in the study of fourth-century trinitarian debates, while simultaneously making his own contributions toward retelling the narrative of these debates. Following Hanson, Simonetti, Barnes, and others, Ayres rejects a simplistic division between more or less uniform camps of Nicene and “Arian” theologies. Somewhat paradoxically, however, his distinctive contribution to this retelling is to insist on a fundamental unity between pro-Nicene camps in both the Greek and Latin traditions. While Ayres makes this point with forceful persuasion, the point itself is not controversial among patristic ...